Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DMPK)

Last Literature Review: September 2019 Last Update:

Diagnostic testing in children or adults with a suspected clinical diagnosis of DM1. Predictive testing for adults with a family history of DM1. Specific allele sizing estimates cannot be determined for CTG repeats of greater than 150. Prenatal samples are not accepted.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an inherited genetic disorder caused by an expanded number of CTG​ repeats in the DMPK gene. Disease onset and severity are variable, ranging from mild adult onset to prenatal/congenital onset. Classic DM1 is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness, particularly in the lower legs, hands, neck and face, myotonia, cataracts, gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. DM1 symptoms may occur at early ages and increase in severity with each succeeding generation. Genetic testing confirms diagnosis and aids in classification of DM1.

Disease Overview

Prevalence

Estimated at 1/20,000 births worldwide

Clinical Presentation

Clinical phenotypes span a continuum from mild to severe.

CTG repeat length is unstable in individuals with DM1, which often leads to somatic mosaicism for CTG repeat size.

  • Correlation between CTG repeat size observed in one tissue with disease severity may not be possible.
  • Larger CTG repeat expansions are associated with more severe and earlier-onset disease; however, significant overlap exists.
    • Predicting age of onset, severity, and rate of progression based on the number of CTG repeats is not possible.
DM1 Type CTG Repeats Clinical Phenotype

Mild

50 to approx. 150

Adult onset with normal lifespan

Symptoms include mild myotonia, cataracts, premature baldness

Classic

Approx. 100 to approx. 1,000

Onset typically 10-30 years of age; lifespan may be reduced

Symptoms include muscle weakness and wasting, myotonia, cataracts, cardiac conduction abnormalities, insulin resistance, GI disease, premature balding

Congenital

>1,000

Onset in prenatal period or infancy with increased mortality in neonatal period:

  • Infants who survive have improvement in motor function, but later experience progressive myopathy and typical features of classic DM1
  • Prenatal findings include polyhydramnios and reduced fetal movement
  • Symptoms in infancy include hypotonia, generalized weakness, facial muscle weakness, respiratory insufficiency, and intellectual disability

Genetics

Gene

DMPK

Inheritance

  • Autosomal dominant
  • Exhibits anticipation:
    • Premutation and full-penetrance disease alleles are unstable and have the ability to expand during transmission.
    • Allele expansion may result in increasing disease severity and decreasing age of onset over generations.
    • Expansion to allele sizes associated with congenital DM1 is more common when maternally transmitted.

Variants

Allele sizes are classified by the number of CTG repeats.

Allele Size CTG Repeats Result

Normal

≤34

Individual not at risk for developing or transmitting DM1

Premutation

35-49

Individual unaffected with DM1, but at risk for offspring with CTG expansion in disease-causing range

Full penetrance

≥50

Disease causing

Clinical manifestations highly variable and age related; penetrance is 100% by age 50

Offspring at risk for DM1

Test Description

  • Triplet repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by size analysis using capillary electrophoresis to assess the CTG repeat in the DMPK 3’ untranslated region
  • Repeat sizing precision is approximately +/- 2 repeats for alleles with 5-24 repeats and +/- 4 repeats for alleles with 77-150 repeats.

Sensitivity/Specificity

  • Clinical sensitivity is >99% for DM1. 
  • Analytic sensitivity/specificity is 99%.

Limitations

  • Diagnostic errors can occur due to rare sequence variations.
  • Specific allele sizing estimates cannot be determined for expanded alleles with >150 CTG repeats.

References