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IgG4-Related Disease. ARUP Consult®. Retrieved December 21, 2024, https://arupconsult.com/content/igg4-related-disease

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IgG4-Related Disease

Last Literature Review: February 2020 Last Update:

Medical Experts

Contributor

Leiferman

Kristin M. Leiferman, MD
Kristin M. Leiferman, MD
Co-Director, Immunodermatology Laboratory, Professor of Dermatology, and Adjunct Professor of Pathology, University of Utah
Medical Director, Immunodermatology, ARUP Laboratories

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a recently recognized fibroinflammatory disorder that can result in lesions in almost any organ, can involve multiple organ systems, and can lead to organ failure.  Clinical presentation varies widely and depends on the organs involved (eg, pancreas, salivary and lacrimal glands, retroperitoneum, lymph nodes, lungs, kidneys, aorta).   IgG4-RD is highly treatable, but irreversible damage can occur without treatment.  An accurate diagnosis is important for timely intervention, but is often delayed and can be challenging because several diseases can “mimic” IgG4-RD.   No single test can be used to diagnose IgG4-RD; instead, diagnosis depends on a combination of medical information, including history, physical findings, imaging, and laboratory results, supported by histopathology.   Laboratory tests used in the workup for IgG4-RD include measurement of IgG4 serum level, autoantibody tests to rule out IgG4-RD mimickers, and tests to identify affected organs, in conjunction with immunostaining and histopathologic analysis.  

Quick Answers for Clinicians

How does IgG4-related disease present clinically?

The clinical presentation of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) varies greatly, but patients frequently present with a mass lesion that suggests malignancy, and symptoms specific to the affected site.  The organs most often involved include the pancreas, biliary tract, salivary and lacrimal glands, retroperitoneum, and lymph nodes.  Symptoms may range from swelling of involved organs to obstruction (eg, pancreaticobiliary) to organ dysfunction, and can be emergent. Patients may also suffer from nonspecific constitutional effects such as weight loss or fever, whereas other patients are asymptomatic but are found to have a mass lesion during imaging for another condition. 

What is the connection between type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related disease?

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) was first identified when increased levels of serum IgG4 were discovered in connection with pancreatitis.  Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis, now understood to be associated with IgG4, is sometimes referred to as IgG4-related pancreatitis and is thought to be the most frequent manifestation of IgG4-RD. 

Which other laboratory tests are useful in a workup for IgG4-related disease?

Identification of affected organs is important in the evaluation of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Laboratory tests can be helpful to determine whether particular organs are involved; for example, tests for complement components (eg, complement 3 [C3] and complement 4 [C4]) can be used to help identify renal involvement.  A CBC with differential can be used to detect eosinophilia (500-1,500 eosinophils/µL) or hypereosinophilia (>1,500 eosinophils/µL). Increased blood eosinophils suggest a greater risk of relapse following treatment.  Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) test findings commonly are abnormally increased. An increased ESR is more frequently found than an increased CRP in patients with IgG4-RD and occurs due to hypergammaglobulinemia, which is common in untreated IgG4-RD. This can present as a discordance, with a high ESR and low CRP. 

What are the mimickers of IgG4-related disease?

Several diseases are considered IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) mimickers. These include Sjögren syndrome, sarcoidosis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [ANCA]-associated vasculitis (such as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis), giant cell arteritis, lymphoma, infection, multicentric Castlemans disease, Erdheim-Chester disease, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor.  Clinical features and laboratory testing can be used to distinguish between the diseases; for example, parotid gland involvement and positive anti-SSA (Ro) and anti-SSB (La) antibodies support a diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome, rather than IgG4-RD. Cutaneous disease, splenomegaly, and granulomas are features that can distinguish sarcoidosis from IgG4-RD. 

Indications for Testing

Testing for IgG4-RD is appropriate in patients with:

  • Possible autoimmune pancreatitis
  • Clinical presentation suggestive of IgG4-RD (presentation depends on affected organs)

Laboratory Testing

Diagnosis

Serologic Tests

Serum Immunoglobulins

The IgG4 serum level test is frequently used for IgG4-RD and at one time was considered essential for diagnosis.  Increased serum IgG4 levels can support the diagnosis of IgG4-RD in the appropriate clinical context, and the majority of patients (~70%) have increased concentrations.  However, serum IgG4 concentrations are neither highly specific nor sensitive for IgG4-RD diagnosis.    A range of diseases such as biliary tract, pancreatic, liver, and lung diseases also may be attended by increased serum IgG4.  Serum IgG4 concentrations do correlate with the number of organs affected, and multiorgan involvement is associated with serum concentrations >3 times the upper limit of normal.  Serum IgG subclass evaluation should be performed in conjunction with serum protein electrophoresis to rule out a monoclonal paraprotein. 

Patients with IgG4-RD also may have increased levels of IgE. Some investigators suggest that the presence of both increased IgG4 and IgE in serum can help to differentiate between IgG4-RD and other diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome.  Increased serum IgE, in conjunction with circulating eosinophils, indicates a heightened risk of relapse following treatment.  Increases in other subclasses of IgG, particularly IgG1, also are found in patients with IgG4-RD.  

Other Autoantibodies

Autoantibodies, other than those with known disease associations, have been reported in patients with IgG4-RD. Although their pathogenic role has not been clearly established, they suggest an autoreactive etiopathogenesis.  Testing for autoantibodies may not be indicated for all patients being evaluated for IgG4-RD, but is useful when patient symptoms suggest other diseases that must be excluded during the workup for IgG4-RD, such as Sjögren syndrome or another connective tissue disease.  Refer to the Connective Tissue Disease ARUP Consult topic for more information about autoantibody testing for these diseases.

Serum Test for Plasmablasts

IgG4-expressing plasmablasts are found in the blood of patients with IgG4-RD   (testing not currently performed at ARUP Laboratories). The proportion of circulating plasmablasts correlates with disease activity and the number of affected organs, independent of IgG4 serum concentrations; however, this testing is not widely available and is not routinely used in clinical practice.  

Histopathologic Analysis

Histopathologic analysis is essential in diagnosis of IgG4-RD.   Key histopathologic features associated with IgG4-RD include dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, obliterative phlebitis, and/or fibrosis in a storiform pattern, at least focally; the presence of two or more of these features is significant for diagnosis.  

The detection of IgG4-positive and IgG-positive plasma cells via immunohistochemical staining also is important for diagnosis.  Interpretation generally takes into account both the number of IgG4-positive cells per high power field and the ratio of IgG4-positive to IgG-positive plasma cells.   The diagnostic cutoff for plasma cell quantification depends on the organ affected, but a ratio of 40% IgG4-positive to IgG-positive plasma cells is considered confirmatory for IgG4-RD. 

The clinical scenario must be considered in interpreting histopathologic and immunostaining results because diseases that mimic IgG4-RD (eg, vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and lymphoma) may also demonstrate a pronounced infiltrate of IgG4-expressing plasma cells. 

Refer to the ARUP Immunohistochemistry Stain Offerings brochure  for additional information.

Monitoring

There is no standard monitoring protocol for IgG4-RD. Serum IgG4 concentrations will generally decrease in response to treatment, although levels may not become normal even with disease remission.   Serum IgG4 levels may be useful to monitor patients for disease relapse, but relapse can occur in patients with low serum IgG4 concentrations. 

During and after treatment, patients should be monitored for disease flares, which are not uncommon. Monitoring is also recommended for complications related to glucocorticoids, which are indicated for treatment in patients with IgG4-RD. 

ARUP Laboratory Tests

Immunohistochemistry
Serologic Tests
Serum Immunoglobulins
Other Tests

References

Additional Resources

Related Information From ARUP Laboratories

Topics From ARUP Consult

Connective Tissue Diseases - Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
Sjögren Syndrome